18. LA-syntax for German

18.1 Standard procedure of syntactic analysis

18.1.1 Differences between natural languages

Natural languages are all based on the same time-linear derivation order. They differ ony in their language specific handling of

• agreement

• word order

• valency structure (lexicalization)

18.1.2 Phase I of standard procedure

1. Formal treatment of declarative main clauses with elementary finite verbs and elementary nominal fillers determines the basic typological properties of the natural language,

2. Extension to complex nominal fillers requires treatment of the internal and the external agreement restrictions of derived noun phrases, and the time-linear derivation of complex fillers in pre- and postverbal position.

3. The extension to complex verb phrases treats complex tenses and modalities.

FoCL, Chapter 18: LA-syntax for German 310

18.1.3 What has to be done before Phase II A theoretically well-founded semantic and pragmatic interpretation for the syntactic analysis developed so far. 18.1.4 Phase II of the standard procedure The syntactic analyses of the second phase should be developed directly out of the semantic and pragmatic interpretation, and be provided for both, the speaker and the hearer mode. Topics: (i) addition of basic and derived modifiers ranging from adverbs over prepositional phrases to subordinate clauses, (ii) treatment of sentential subjects and objects including infinitive constructions, (iii) handling of different syntactic moods like interrogative and different verbal moods like passive, and (iv) treatment of conjunctions including gapping constructions.

18.1.5 Distinctive categorization of determiners

definite article indefinite article

[der (E′ MN′ S3)  [ein  (ER′ MN′ S3)

(EN′ F′ G&D) (ES′ N-G′ S3&A) INDEF-ART]

(EN′ P-D′ G)  DEF-ART]  [eines (EN′ -FG′ G)  INDEF-ART]
[des (EN′ -FG′ G)  DEF-ART]  [einem (EN′ -FD′ D)  INDEF-ART]
[dem (EN′ -FD′ D)  DEF-ART]  [einen (EN′ M-N′ A)  INDEF-ART]
[den (EN′ M-N′ A)  [eine  (E′ F′ S3&A)  INDEF-ART]
(EN′ PD′ D)  DEF-ART]  [einer (EN′ F′ G&D) INDEF-ART]

[das (E′ N-G′ S3&A) DEF-ART] [die (E′ F′ S3&A)

(EN′ P-D′ P3&A) DEF-ART] 18.1.6 Categorial operation of DET+ADJ

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18.1.7 Categorial operation of DET+N

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FoCL, Chapter 18: LA-syntax for German 313

18.1.8 Pre- and postverbal derivation of noun phrases

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der  schöne  grüne  Baum  gefiel  der  jungen  Frau der schöne der schöne grüne der schöne grüne Baum der schöne grüne Baum gefiel der schöne grüne Baum gefiel der der schöne grüne Baum gefiel der jungen der schöne grüne Baum gefiel der jungen Frau (E′ MN′ S3) (E)  (E′ )  (M-G)  (S3′ D′ V) (EN′ F′ G&D) (EN)  (F) (E′ MN′ S3) (E′ MN′ S3) 1 DET+ADJ: 4 DET+ADJ: 5 DET+N:  (S3) 6 MAIN+FV:  (D′ V) 8 FV+MAIN:  (EN′ F′ V) 10 DET+ADJ:  (EN′ F′ V) (V)

FoCL, Chapter 18: LA-syntax for German 314

18.2 German field of referents (LA-D2)

18.2.1 Traditional paradigms of German noun phrases

Masculinum Femininum Neutrum Plural

Nominative der Mann  die Frau  das Kind  die Männer, etc.
Genitive  des Mannes der Frau  des Kindes  der Männer, etc.
Dative  dem Mann  der Frau  dem Kind  den Männern, etc.
Accusative  den Mann  die Frau  das Kind  die Männer, etc.

18.2.2 Distinctive categories of nominal fillers (German)

.^{.}  ^{.}^{.}  ^{sie}^{die Frau}^{das Kind}^{es}^{(S3&A)}^{ich} ^{er} ^{Peter}^{(S1)} ^{(S3)} ^{(S3&}^{A&}^{D)} ^{desMannes}  ^{(S3&P3}^{&A)}^{du}^{(S2)}  ^{der Frau}^{(G&D)}  ihr^{wir}^{die Männer}^{die Frauen}^{die Kinder}^{(P3&A)}  ^{(P1)}  ^{(P2)}^{uns}  ^{euch}^{(D&A)}^{den Männern}^{den Frauen}^{den Kindern}^{ihnen} ihr^{ihrer (G)}  ^{der Männer}^{der Frauen}^{der Kinder}  ^{eurer}^{unserer} N A D G ^{dir} ^{mir} ^{ihm}^{(D) demMann demKind}^{(A)denMann}^{ihn}^{mich}^{dich}  Singular  Plural^{deiner} ^{meiner} ^{des Kindes}^{seiner}

18.2.3 Centering and distance in fields of reference

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 ^{wir}  ^{ihr}^{SP3}^{S1}  ^{P1}^{S2}  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 ^{I}  ^{you}  ^{we}  ^{they}^{S3}  ^{S1}  ^{SP2}  ^{P1}  ^{P3}^{D3}^{D2}^{D1}  English  German

18.2.4 Agreement of nominal fillers and verbal valencies

[gebe  (S1′ (S1)  (A) A′ D′  V) *]  [gibst (S2′ (S2′ (S2) * * V) V) *] *] [gabst [geben [gaben (P13′ (P13′ * * V) V) *] *] (D)  (S3&P3&A) [gebt [gabt  (P2′ (P2′ * * V) V) *] *] (P1) (P3&A) (D&A) (S3&D&A) (P2&D) (S3&P3&A)  (P2) (P2&D)  [gibt (S3′ * V) *] (S3) (S3&A) (S3&D&A) (S3&P3&A) [gab  (S13′ * V) *] (S1) (S3) (S3&A) (S3&D&A)

18.2.5 German LA-grammar handling complex fillers (LA-D2)

LX = LX of LA-D1 plus the determiners defined in 18.1.5, the nouns defined in 14.5.1, 14.5.2, and the following pronouns

[ich (S1) *], [du (S2) *], [er (S3) *], [es (S3&A) *], [wir (P1) *], [ihr (P2&D) *], [sie (S3&P3&A) *], [deiner (G) *], [uns (D&A) *], [euch (D&A) *], [mir (D) *], [dir (D) *], [ihm (D) *], [mich (A) *], [dich (A) *], [ihn (A) *]

plus adjectives with comparation

[schöne (E) *]  [schönere (E) *]  [schönste (E) *]

[schönen (EN) *] [schöneren (EN) *] [schönsten (EN) *] [schöner (ER) *] [schönerer (ER) *] [schönster (ER) *] [schönes (ES) *] [schöneres (ES) *] [schönstes (ES) *]

plus finite main verb forms of differing valency structures

[gebe (S1′ D′ A′ V) *]  [lese (S1′ A′ V) *]  [schlafe (S1′ V) *]
[gibst (S2′ D′ A′ V) *]  [liest (S23′ A′ V) *]  [schläfst (S2′ V) *]
[gibt (S3′ D′ A′ V) *]  [lesen (P13′ A′ V) *]  [schläft (S3′ V) *]

[geben (P13′ D′ A′ V) *] [lest (P2′ A′ V) *] [schlafen (P13′ V) *]

[gebt (P2′ D′ A′ V) *]  [las (S13′ A′ V) *]  [schlaft (P2′ V) *]
[gab (S13′ D′ A′ V) *]  [last (S2P2′ A′ V) *]  [schlief (S13′ V) *]
[gabst (S2′ D′ A′ V) *]  [lasen (P13′ A′ V) *]  [schliefst (S2′ V) *]

[gaben (P13′ D′ A′ V) *] [schliefen (P13′ V) *] [gabt (P2′ D′ A′ V) *] [schlieft (P2′ V) *]

variable definition np ϵ {S1, S2, S3, P1, P2, P2&D, G, G&D, D, A, S3&A, S3&D&A, D&A,

P3&A, S3&P3&A} np′ ϵ {S1′, S13′, S2′, S23′, S2P2′, S3′, P13′, P2′, G′, D′, A′} and if np ϵ {G, D, A}, then np′ is correspondingly G′, D′, or A′

if np = P1, then np′ = P13′ if np = S1, then np′ ϵ {S1′, S13′} if np = S2, then np′ ϵ {S2′, S23′} if np = S3, then np′ ϵ {S3′, S23′} if np = P3&A, then np′ ϵ {P13′, A′} if np = P2&D, then np′ ϵ {P2′, D′} if np = G&D, then np′ ϵ {G′, D′} if np = D&A, then np′ ϵ {D′, A′} if np = S3&A, then np′ ϵ {S3′, S23′, A′} if np = S3&D&A, then np′ ϵ {S3′, S23′, D′, A′} if np = S3&P3&A, then np′ ϵ {S3′, S23′, P13′, A′}

n ϵ {MN, M-G, M-NP, M-GP, MGP, M-GP-D, F, N-G, -FG, -FD, N-GP, N-GP-D,

FoCL, Chapter 18: LA-syntax for German 320

NDP-D, P, P-D, PD}, n′ ϵ {MN′, M-N′, F′, N-G′, -FG′, -FD′, P-D′, PD′}, and

if n ϵ {MN, -FG, -FD, F, P-D, PD}, then n′ is corresponding if n = M-G, then n′ ϵ {MN′, M-N′} if n = M-NP, then n′ ϵ {-FG′, -FD′, P-D′, PD′ } if n = M-GP, then n′ ϵ {MN′, -FD′, M-N′, P-D′, PD′} if n = MGP, then n′ ϵ {-FG′, P-D′, PD′} if n = M-GP-D, then n′ ϵ {MN′, -FD′, M-N′, P-D′} if n = N-G, then n′ ϵ {N-G′, -FG′, -FD′} if n = N-GP, then n′ ϵ {N-G′, -FG′, -FD′, P-D′, PD′} if n = N-GP-D, then n′ ϵ {N-G′, -FG′, -FD′, P-D′} if n = NDP-D, then n′ ϵ {-FD′, P-D′} if n = P, then n′ ϵ {P-D′, PD′}

adj ϵ {e, en, es, er} and adj′ is corresponding

ST_{S} =_{def} { [(x) {1 DET+ADJ, 2 DET+N, 3 MAIN+FV}] }

DET+ADJ: (adj′ x) (adj) ⇒ (adj′ x) {4 DET+ADJ, 5 DET+N} DET+N: (adj′ n′ x) (n) ⇒ (x) {6 MAIN+FV, 7 FV+MAIN} MAIN+FV: (np) (x np′ y V) ⇒ (x y V) {8 FV+MAIN} FV+MAIN: (x np′ y V) (z np) ⇒ (z x y V){9 FV+MAIN, 10 DET+ADJ, 11 DET+N} ST_{F} =_{def} { [(V) rp_{MAIN+F V}], [(V) rp_{F V +MAIN}], [(V) rp_{DET +N}] }

18.3 Verbal positions in English and German

18.3.1 Finite verb position in declarative main clauses

English: post-nominative German: verb-second

1. Julia read a book Julia las ein Buch

2. *a book read Julia Ein Buch las Julia

3. Yesterday Julia read a book *Gestern Julia las ein Buch

4. *Yesterday read Julia a book Gestern las Julia ein Buch

5. Julia yesterday read a book *Julia gestern las ein Buch

6. *While Mary slept, read Julia a book Als Maria schlief, las Julia ein Buch

7. While Mary slept, Julia read a book *Als Maria schlief, Julia las ein Buch

18.3.2 Nonfinite main verb position in declarative main clauses

English: contact position German: distance position

1. Julia has slept Julia hat geschlafen

2. Julia has read a book *Julia hat gelesen ein Buch

3. *Julia has a book read Julia hat ein Buch gelesen

4. Yesterday Julia has read a book *Gestern Julia hat gelesen ein Buch

5. *Yesterday has Julia a book read Gestern hat Julia ein Buch gelesen

6. Julia has given M. a book yesterday *Julia hat gegeben M. ein Buch gestern

7. *Julia has M. yesterday a book given Julia hat M. gestern ein Buch gegeben

18.3.3 Satzklammer in German

Julia has the offer of the opposing party yesterday afternoon

Julia hat das Angebot der Gegenseite gestern nachmittag abgelehnt.  declined
verworfen.  refused
kritisiert.  criticized
zurückgewiesen. rejected

18.3.4 Verb position in subordinate clauses

English: post-nominative German: clause final

1. before Julia slept bevor Julia schlief

2. before Julia had slept *bevor Julia hatte geschlafen

3. *before Julia slept had bevor Julia geschlafen hatte

4. before Julia bought the book *bevor Julia kaufte das Buch

5. *before Julia the book bought bevor Julia das Buch kaufte

6. before Julia had bought the book *bevor Julia hatte gekauft das Buch

7. *before the book a man bought bevor das Buch ein Mann kaufte

18.4 Complex verbs and elementary adverbs (LA-D3)

18.4.1 LA-paradigms of German auxiliaries and modals

[bin (S1′ S′ V) *]  [habe (S1′ H′ V) *]  [kann (S13′ M′ V) *]
[bist (S2′ S′ V) *]  [hast (S2′ H′ V) *]  [kannst (S2′ M′ V) *]
[ist (S3′ S′ V) *]  [hat (S3′ H′ V) *]  [können (P13′ M′ V) *]
[sind (P13′ S′ V) *]  [haben (P13′ H′ V) *]  [könnt (P2′ M′ V) *]
[seid (P2′ S′ V) *]  [habt (P2′ H′ V) *]  [konnte (S13′ M′ V) *]
[war (S13′ S′ V) *]  [hatte (S13′ H′ V) *]  [konntest (S2′ M′ V) *]
[warst (S2′ S′ V) *]  [hattest (S2′ H′ V) *]  [konnten (P13′ M′ V) *]
[waren (P13′ S′ V) *]  [hatten (P13′ H′ V) *]  [konntet (P2′ M′ V) *]

[wart (P2′ S′ V) *] [hattet (P2′ H′ V) *] 18.4.2 Complex verb forms of German

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18.4.3 Declarative main clauses with a finite main verb

Die Frau gab dem Kind den Apfel Dem Kind gab die Frau den Apfel

18.4.4 Declarative main clauses with an auxiliary construction

Die Frau hat dem Kind den Apfel gegeben Dem Kind hat die Frau den Apfel gegeben

\begin{matrix}c \\ ◯ \end{matrix}1999 Roland Hausser

18.4.5 +FV alternatives of adding the auxiliary

(nom′ ^{H′} aux′ ^{V) ⇒}^{V)}^{(S3′}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}  ^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}  ^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.} ^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{+}^{1.}  ^{input-output:}  ^{Die Frau}  ^{Die Frau hat}^{(H′} (aux′^{hat}^{(S3&A)} (nom)^{rule pattern +FV:}  ^{+}^{2.}  ^{input-output:}  ^{Dem Kind}  ^{hat}^{(S3′} ^{H′} ^{V)} aux′^{(y ADV)}  ^{V) ⇒}^{(x}^{(D)} (obq)^{rule pattern +FV:}  ^{Dem Kind hat}^{(D} ^{S3′} ^{H′} ^{V)}^{V)}^{V)}^{V)}^{x} aux′ (obq′^{+}^{3.}  ^{input-output:}  ^{(D′}^{(x}  aux)^{A′} ^{H)}  (nom′ aux′ ^{V) ⇒}  ^{(S3′} ^{D′} ^{A′} ^{V)}^{V)} (nom′  ^{x}^{Gegeben hat}^{Gegeben}  ^{hat}^{rule pattern +FV:}  ^{+}^{rule pattern +FV:}^{5.}  ^{input-output:}  ^{Gestern}  ^{hat}^{H′} ^{V)}^{(S3′}  ^{Gestern hat}^{H′} ^{V)}^{V) ⇒}^{(S3′}^{(x}  ^{H′} ^{V)}^{V)}^{(S3′} ^{x}^{(y}^{(ADV)}

18.4.6 Extending MAIN+FV into +FV using clauses

+FV: 1. (nom)(nom′ aux′ V) ⇒ (aux′ V)

2. (obq)(x aux′ V) ⇒ (obq x aux′ V)

3. (x aux)(nom′ aux′ V) ⇒ (nom′ x V)

4. (np)(x np′ y V) ⇒ (x y V)

5. (y ADV)(x V) ⇒ (y x V) {+MAIN, +NFV, +FV, +IP} 18.4.7 +MAIN Alternatives after the auxiliary

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18.4.8 Extending FV+MAIN into +MAIN using clauses

+MAIN: 1. (x nom′ y aux′ V)(z nom) ⇒ (z x y aux′ V)

2. (x aux′ V)(y obq) ⇒ (y obq x aux′ V)

3. (x np′ y V)(z np) ⇒ (z x y V)

4. (x V)(y ADV) ⇒ (y x V)

{+ADJ, +N, +MAIN, +NFV, +FV, +IP}

18.4.9 Categorial operation of +NFV

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18.4.10 German grammar handling complex verb forms (LA-D3)

LX = LX of LA-D2 plus auxiliaries defined in 18.4.1, plus nonfinite main verb form of 18.4.2, plus adverbials [gestern (ADV) *], [hier (ADV) *], [jetzt (ADV) *], plus punctuation signs [. (V′ DECL) *], [? (VI′ INTERROG) *], [? (V′ INTERROG) *]

variable definition = variable definition of LA-D2 plus nom ϵ np \ {D, A, D&A} nominative filler^{1} nom′ ϵ np \ {D, A} nominative valency positions obq ϵ {D, A, D&A} oblique filler aux ϵ {H, B, M}, auxiliaries and modals vt ϵ {V, VI}, mood marker sm ϵ {DECL, INTERROG}, sentence mood

ST_{S} =_{def} { [(x) {1 +ADJ, 2 +N, 3 +FV, 4 +NFV}] }

+ADJ: (adj′ x) (adj) ⇒ (adj x) {5 +ADJ, 6 +N}

+N:  (adj′ n′ x) (n) ⇒ (x)  {7 +FV, 8 +MAIN, 9 +NFV, 10 +IP}

+FV: (nom)(nom′ aux′ V) ⇒ (aux′ V)

(obq)(x aux′ V) ⇒ (obq x aux′ V) (x aux)(nom′ aux′ V) ⇒ (nom′ x V) (np)(x np′ y V) ⇒ (x y V)

(ADV)(x V) ⇒ (x V) {11 +MAIN, 12 +NFV, 13 +IP}

FoCL, Chapter 18: LA-syntax for German 331

+MAIN: (x nom′ y aux′ V)(z nom) ⇒ (z x y aux′ V)

(x aux′ V)(y obq)⇒ (y obq x aux′ V)

(x np′ y V)(z np) ⇒ (z x y V)

(x V)(y ADV) ⇒ (y x V) {14 +ADJ, 15 +N, 16 +MAIN, 17 +NFV,

18 +FV, 19 +IP}

+NFV: (x aux′ V)(x^{∼} aux)

(x = x^{∼})  ⇒ (V)  {20 +IP}
+IP:  (vt) (vt′ sm)  ⇒ (sm)  {}

ST_{F} =_{def} { [(sm) rp_{+ipt}]}

FoCL, Chapter 18: LA-syntax for German 332

18.4.11 Declarative with dative preceding auxiliary

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^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.} dem  Kind (EN′ -FD′ D) (N-G) dem Kind (D) dem Kind hat (D S3′ H′ V) (S3′ H′ V) hat  (E′ F′ S3) die dem Kind hat die (E′ F′ D H′ V) dem Kind hat die Frau (D H′ V)  (F) Frau dem Kind hat die Frau gestern (D H′ V)  den dem Kind hat die Frau gestern den (EN′ M-N′ A D H′ V) dem Kind hat die Frau gestern den Apfel (A D H′ V) dem Kind hat die Frau gestern den Apfel gegeben (V) dem Kind hat die Frau gestern den Apfel gegeben . (DECL)  (EN′ M-N′ A) (M-G) Apfel  . (ADV) gestern  (D′ A′ H) gegeben (V′ DECL) 2 +N: 7 +FV: 11 +MAIN: 15 +N: 8 +MAIN: 16 +MAIN: 15 +N: 9 +NFV:

18.5 Interrogatives and subordinate clauses (LA-D4)

18.5.1 Interrogative with and without auxiliary

1. Hat die Frau dem Kind gestern den Apfel gegeben ?

(Has the woman the child yesterday the apple given ?)

2. Hat dem Kind gestern die Frau den Apfel gegeben?

3. Hat gestern die Frau dem Kind den Apfel gegeben?

4. Gab die Frau dem Kind gestern den Apfel ?

(Gave the woman the child yesterday the apple ?)

5. Gab gestern die Frau dem Kind den Apfel?

18.5.2 ?+MAIN starting an interrogative main clause

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18.5.3 Subordinate clauses with and without auxiliary

1. Als die Frau dem Kind gestern den Apfel gegeben hat

(When the woman the child yesterday the apple given has)

2. Als dem Kind gestern die Frau den Apfel gegeben hat

3. Als gestern die Frau dem Kind den Apfel gegeben hat

4. Als die Frau dem Kind gestern den Apfel gab

(When the woman the child yesterday the apple gave)

5. Als gestern die Frau dem Kind den Apfel gab

18.5.4 +MAIN starting an adverbial subclause

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18.5.5 +FV concluding subclause with finite main verb

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18.5.6 Beginning of an adverbial subclause in postverbal position

Julia las,  +  als (A′ V)  (V′ ADV) ⇒  Julia las, als  (S3&D&A V′ A′ V) + Maria (V′ A′ V)  (S3&D&A) ⇒  Julia las, als Maria

18.5.7 Completion of an adverbial subclause in postverbal position

+ Julia las, als Maria  schlief (S3&D&A V′ A′ V)  (A′ V) (S3′ V) ⇒  Julia las, als Maria schlief,

18.5.8 Nesting of adverbial subclauses in preverbal position

(A S3&D&A V′ S3&D&A V′ ADV) Als Maria, obwohl Julia die Zeitung  las (S3′ A′ V) ⇒ Als Maria, obwohl Julia die Zeitung las, (S3&D&A V′ ADV) +

18.5.9 +NFV adds nonfinite main verb to subclause

y hca)^{ADV)}^{als dem Kind die Frau den Apfel}^{V′}^{V′}^{D}^{S3&A}^{(x1} nom ^{x2}^{(A}  ^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.} ⇒  ^{als dem Kind die Frau den Apfel gegeben}^{V′}^{V′}^{(S3&A} (nom ^{H} aux  ^{y} hca)^{ADV)}^{output:}  ^{+} ^{gegeben}^{A′}^{(x∼}  ^{H)} aux)^{(D′}^{rule pattern +NFV:}^{1}  ^{input:}

18.5.10 +FV concludes subclause with finite auxiliary

y hca)^{ADV)}^{V′}^{V′}^{(S3&A} (nom aux^{H}  ^{(S3′} (nom′ ⇒  aux′^{H′} ^{V)}^{V)}^{als dem Kind die Frau den Apfel gegeben hat}^{(ADV)}^{(y} hca)^{output:}  ^{als dem Kind die Frau den Apfel gegeben}^{rule pattern +FV:}  ^{+}^{1.}  ^{input:}  ^{hat}

18.5.11 LAG handling interrogative and adverbial clauses (LA-D4)

LX = LX of LA-D3 plus subordinating conjunctions

[als (V′ ADV) *], [nachdem (V′ ADV) *], [obwohl (V′ ADV) *] variable definition = variable definition of LA-D3 plus hca ϵ {V, VI, ADV}

ST_{S} =_{def} { [(x) {1 +ADJ, 2 +N, 3 +FV, 4 +MAIN, 5 ?+MAIN}] }

+N:  (adj′ n′ x) (n) ⇒ (x)  {6 +FV, 7 +MAIN, 8 +NFV, 9 +IP}

+ADJ: (adj′ x) (adj) ⇒ (adj′ x) {10 +ADJ, 11 +N} ?+MAIN: (nom′ aux′ V)(z nom) ⇒ (z aux′ VI)

(nom′ aux′ V)(y obq) ⇒ (y obq nom′ aux′ VI)

(x np′ y V)(z np) ⇒ (z x y VI)

(x V)(y ADV) ⇒ (y x VI) {12 +ADJ, 13 +N, 14 +MAIN, 15 +NFV, 16 +IP}

+FV: (nom aux V′ y hca) (nom′ aux′ V) ⇒ (y hca)

(x V′ y hca)( x^{∼} V)

[x = x^{∼}] ⇒ (y hca) (nom)(nom′ aux′ V) ⇒ (aux′ V) (obq)(x aux′ V) ⇒ (obq x aux′ V) (x aux)(np′ aux′ V) ⇒ (x np′ V) (np)(x np′ y V) ⇒ (x y V)

(ADV)(x V) ⇒ (x V) {17 +MAIN, 18 +NFV, 19 +FV, 20 +IP}

+MAIN: (x nom′ y aux′ V)(z nom) ⇒ (z x y aux′ V)

FoCL, Chapter 18: LA-syntax for German 339

(x aux′ V)(y obq)⇒ (y obq x aux′ V) (x np′ y V)(z np) ⇒ (z x y V) (x V′ y hca)(z np) ⇒ (z np x V′ y hca)

(x V)(y ADV) ⇒ (y x V) {21 +ADJ, 22 +N, 23 +MAIN, 24 +NFV, 25 +FV, 26 +IP}

+NFV: (x1 nom x2 V′ y hca)( x^{∼} aux)

[(x1 ∘ x2) = x^{∼}] ⇒ (nom aux V′ y hca) (x aux′ V)(x^{∼} aux) ⇒(V) {27 +FV, 28 +IP}

+IP: (vt) (vt′ sm) ⇒ (sm) {} ST_{F} =_{def} { [(V) rp_{+ipt}], [(VI) rp_{+ipt}]} 18.5.12 The finite state backbone of LA-D4

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i  v  iv vi vii  ii  viii^{+ADJ}  ^{+N}  ^{+FV}  iii ^{+MAIN}  ^{IP}^{1}  ^{2}^{3}  ^{6}  ^{7}  ^{+NFV}^{iv}^{ii}^{iii}  ^{8}  ^{9}^{11}^{12}  ^{13}  ^{14}  ^{15}  ^{16}  ^{18}^{19}  ^{20}^{21}  ^{26}^{27}  ^{23}^{24}^{22}^{4}^{v.}  ^{25}^{17}  ^{28}^{vi.}^{vii:}^{viii:}^{10}^{?+MAIN}  ^{5}  ^{3}^{2,} ^{11, 13,} ^{19, 22,}^{3,} ^{6,} ^{8,}^{17,} ^{19,} ^{27}^{4,} ^{14,} ^{7,} ^{23,} ^{24,} ^{25}^{8,} ^{15,} ^{18,}  ^{1,} ^{10,} ^{12,} ^{21,}^{5,}^{9,} ^{16,} ^{20,} ^{26,}^{+N}^{+MAIN}^{+FV}^{+NFV}  ^{+ADJ}^{+MAIN}^{+IP}

18.5.13 Verification of grammars

1. Syntactic verification The formal grammars for English and German developed so far should be implemented as parsers and tested automatically on increasing sets of positive and negative test sentences.

2. Morphological and lexical verification The word form recognition of these grammars should be changed from the preliminary full form lexica LX to suitable applications of LA-Morph and be tested on corpus-based word lists in order to provide extensions with sufficient data coverage of the lexicon and the morphology.

3. Functional verification in communication The formal grammars and parsers for natural languages should be supplemented with an automatic semantic and pragmatic interpretation that is (i) in line with the basis assumptions of the Slim theory of language and (ii) demonstrated to be functional in automatic applications.