FoCL, Chapter 17: LA-syntax for English) 286

17. LA-syntax for English

17.1 Complex fillers in pre- and postverbal position

17.1.1 Determiner and noun categories of English

categories  surfaces  examples of lemmata

singular and plural determiners:

(SN′ SNP)  a, an, every, the  [a (SN′ SNP) *]
(PN′ PNP)  all, several, the  [all (PN′ PNP) *]

singular and plural nouns:

(SN)  man, woman, book, car  [woman (SN) *]

(PN) men, women, books, cars [men (PN) *] 17.1.2 Complex noun phrase before the valency carrier

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the (SN′ SNP) the girl (SNP) the girl liked^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}  (A′ V) FV+MAIN:  the girl liked John  John (SNP) girl (SN)  liked (N′ A′ V) (V) DET+N: NOM+FV:

17.1.3 Preverbal application of Det+N

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17.1.4 Application of NOM+FV to complex nominative NP

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17.1.5 FV+MAIN adding elementary object NP

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17.1.6 Complex noun phrase after valency carrier

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the (SN′ SNP) the girl (SNP) the girl liked (A′ V) girl^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}  (SN) DET+N:  liked (N′ A′ V) DET+N: NOM+FV: FV+MAIN:  the girl liked a boy the girl liked a  a (SN′ SNP) (SN′ V)  boy (SN) (V)

17.1.7 FV+Main adding beginning of complex object NP

.^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{input-output:}  ^{+}^{the girl liked}  ^{x}^{(y}^{(A′} (np′  ^{V)}^{x} ^{V)}^{V)}^{FV+MAIN - pattern:}  ^{the girl liked a}^{(SN′} ^{SNP)} np) ⇒^{(y}  ^{(SN′}  ^{V)}^{a}

17.1.8 Postverbal application of Det+N

.^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{input-output:}  ^{the} ^{girl} ^{liked}  ^{a}  ^{+}^{DET+N - pattern:}  ^{boy}  ^{the girl liked a boy}^{(SN′}  ^{V)}  ^{(SN)}^{(n) ⇒}  ^{(V)}^{(V)} (n′  ^{x)}

17.1.9 DET+ADJ recursively adding adjectives

input-output: ^{the}  ^{+}  ^{beautiful}^{DET+ADJ - pattern:}^{(SN′ SNP)}  ^{(ADJ)}  ^{x)}^{(ADJ) ⇒} ^{the beautiful} ^{+}  ^{young}^{(ADJ)}^{(ADJ) ⇒}^{(SN′ SNP)}^{x)}^{x)} (n′  (n′  ^{…} (n′^{(SN′ SNP)}

17.1.10 Complex noun phrases with adjectives

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^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.} the (SN′ SNP) DET+ADJ: DET+ADJ: DET+N:  ^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.} NOM+FV:  book FV+MAIN: DET+ADJ: DET+ADJ: DET+N: (SN′ SNP) (ADJ) beautiful (SN′ SNP) (SNP) (A′ V) (SN′ V) (SN′ V) (SN′ V) (ADJ) young  (V) (SN) girl  (N′ A′ V) read  (SN′ SNP) the  (ADJ) wild  (ADJ) old  (SN)

17.2 English field of referents

17.2.1 Categories of nominal valency fillers in English

(SNP)  (NS3)^{he}^{she}^{him}^{her}  ^{me}^{I}  ^{we}  ^{they}^{it}  ^{us}  ^{them}^{you} nominative  singular  plural oblique  (NS1)  (NP-2)  (PNP)^{the boy}^{John}  ^{the boys} (PRO2) (OBQ)

17.2.2 Agreement of fillers and valency in main verbs

[give [gave [gives  Iwe, they the girls you the boy, John, it he, she  (SNP) (PNP) (PRO2)  (PRO2) (PNP) (SNP)  the boy, John, it (NS3)  the girls you (OBQ)  me, him, her, us, them (OBQ) D′  A′  V) *] V) *] V) *] (N-S3′ (N′ (NS3′ (PRO2) (PNP) (NP-2) (NS1) (SNP)

17.3 Complex verb forms

17.3.1 Nominative agreement of the auxiliary be

(NS1′ BE′ V) *] [am  (NS3) (SNP) the boy, John, it he, she (NS3′ BE′ V) *] [is  (PNP) (NP-2) (PRO2) the girls [was  we, they you (N-S13′ BE′ V) *] (N-S13′ BE′ V) *] [are [were (NS3) he, she (SNP) the boy, John, it (NS1) I (NS1) I (NS13′ BE′ V) *]

17.3.2 Complex verb forms of English

.^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.} ^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{(NS3′ DO′ V)}  ^{(D′ A′ DO)}  ⇒^{has}  ^{has given}^{(NS3′ D′ A′ V)}^{given}^{is}  ^{giving}^{does}  ^{give}  ^{does give}^{(NS3′ HV′ V)}  ^{(D′ A′ HV)}  ⇒  ^{(NS3′ D′ A′ V)}^{(NS3′ BE′ V)}  ^{(D′ A′ BE)}  ⇒  ^{(NS3′ D′ A′ V)}^{is giving}

17.3.3 Comparing basic and complex verb forms of English

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17.3.4 AUX+NFV adding a nonfinite verb

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17.4 Finite state backbone of LA-syntax (LA-E2)

17.4.1 LA-E2: an English LA-syntax with complex NPs

LX =_{def} {[Julia (SNP) *], [John (SNP) *], [Suzy (SNP) *], [it (SNP) *], [boy (SN) *], [boys (PN) *], [girl (SN) *], [girls (PN) *], [book (SN) *], [books (PN) *], [a (SN′ SNP) *], [every (SN′ SNP) *], [the (SN′ SNP) *], [all (PN′ PNP) *], [several (PN′ PNP) *], [the (PN′ PNP) *] [I (NS1) *], [you (PRO2), [he (NS3) *], [she (NS3) *], [it (SNP) *], [we (NP-2) *], [they (NP-2) *], [me (OBQ) *], [him (OBQ) *], [her (OBQ) *], [us (OBQ) *], [them (OBQ) *] [am (NS1′ BE′ V) *], [is (NS3′ BE′ V) *], [are (N-S13′ BE′ V) *] [was (NS13′ BE′ V) *], [were (N-S13′ BE′ V) *] [have (N-S3′ HV′ V) *], [has (NS3′ HV′ V) *], [had (N′ HV′ V) *] [do (N-S3′ DO′ V) *], [does (NS3′ DO′ V) *], [did (N′ DO′ V) *] [give (N-S3′ D′ A′ V) *], [gives (NS3′ D′ A′ V), [gave (N′ D′ A′ V) *], [give (D′ A′ DO) *], [given (D′ A′ HV) *], [giving (D A BE) *] [like (N-S3′ A′ V) *], [likes (NS3′ A′ V), [liked (N′ A′ V) *] [like (A′ DO) *], [liked (A′ HV) *], [liking (A′ BE) *] [sleep (N-S3′ V) *], [sleeps (NS3′ V) *], [slept (N′ V) *] [sleep (DO) *], [slept (HV) *], [sleeping (BE) *]}

FoCL, Chapter 17: LA-syntax for English) 300

Variable definition:

np′ ε {N’, N-S3’, NS1’, NS3’, NS13’, N-S13’, D’, A’}, (valency positions) np ε {PRO2, NS1, NS3, NP-2, SNP, PNP, PN, OBQ} (valency fillers), and

if np = PRO2, then np′ ϵ {N′, N-S3′, N-S13′, D′, A′}, if np = NS1, then np′ ϵ {N′, N-S3′, NS1′, NS13′}, if np = NS3, then np′ ϵ {NS3′, NS13′}, if np = NP-2, then np′ ϵ { N′, N-S3′}, if np = SNP, then np′ ϵ { N′, NS3′, NS13′, D′, A′}, if np = PNP, then np′ ϵ {N′, N-S3′, N-S13′, D′, A′}, if np = OBQ, then np′ ϵ {D′, A′},

n ϵ {SN, PN} and n′ correspondingly SN′ or PN′, aux ϵ {DO, HV, BE} and aux′ correspondingly DO′, HV′ or BE′ x, y = .?.?.?.? (arbitrary sequence up to length 4)

ST_{S} =_{def} { [(x) {1 DET+ADJ, 2 DET+N, 3 NOM+FV}] }

DET+ADJ: (n′ x) (ADJ) ⇒ (n x) {4 DET+ADJ, 5 DET+N} DET+N: (n′ x) (n) ⇒ (x) {6 NOM+FV, 7 FV+MAIN} NOM+FV: (np) (np′ x V) ⇒ (x V) {8 FV+MAIN, 9 AUX+NFV}

FV+MAIN: (np′ x V) (y np) ⇒ (y x V){10 DET+ADJ, 11 DET+N, 12 FV+MAIN}

AUX+NFV: (aux′ V) (x aux) ⇒ (x V) {13 FV+MAIN} ST_{F} =_{def} { [(V) rp_{nom+fv}], [(V) rp_{aux+nfv}], [(V) rp_{fv+main}], [(V) rp_{det+n}]} 17.4.2 The finite state backbone of LA-E2

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 i  ii  iii^{AUX+NFV}  v  iv vi^{DET+ADJ} ^{DET+N}  ^{NOM+FV}  ^{FV+MAIN}^{1}  ^{2}^{4}  ^{5}^{3}  ^{6}^{7}  ^{8}^{9}^{11}^{10}  ^{12}^{13}^{= possible final state}^{= not a possible final state}  ^{(ii)}^{(iii)}^{(iv)}^{(v)}^{(vi)}  ^{7, 8, 12, 13}^{3,} ^{6}^{2,} ^{5,} ^{11}^{9}^{1,} ^{4,} ^{10}  ^{DET+N}^{NOM+FV}^{FV+MAIN}^{AUX+NFV}^{DET+ADJ}

FoCL, Chapter 17: LA-syntax for English) 302

17.4.3 Specifying the transition numbers in the input

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FoCL, Chapter 17: LA-syntax for English) 303

17.4.4 Syntactic analysis with transition numbers

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(SN′ SNP) (ADJ) beautiful The The beautiful  (ADJ) young The beautiful young (SN′ SNP)  (S3′ BE′ V) is The beautiful young girl (SNP) The beautiful young girl is (BE′ V) The beautiful young girl is reading (A′ V) 9 AUX+NFV: 13 FV+MAIN:  The beautiful young girl is reading a  (SN′ SNP) a (SN′ V)  (ADJ) wild 10 DET+ADJ:  The beautiful young girl is reading a wild (SN′ V) 4 DET+ADJ:  (ADJ) old The beautiful young girl is reading a wild old (SN′ V) 5 DET+N:  The beautiful young girl is reading a wild old book (V)  (SN) book (SN′ SNP)  (SN) girl  (A′ BE) reading 1 DET+ADJ: 4 DET+ADJ: 5 DET+N:

17.5 Yes/no-interrogatives (LA-E3) and grammatical perplexity

17.5.1 Expanding LA-E1 to LA-E1.5 handling complex NPs

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^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}  ^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}  i  ii  iii  ^{12}^{2}  ^{6}  ^{8}^{10}^{7}^{11}  iv vi^{DET+ADJ:}^{4} ^{1}  ^{5}^{DET+N}  ^{NOM+FV}  ^{FV+MAIN}^{3} LA-E1.5

FoCL, Chapter 17: LA-syntax for English) 305

17.5.2 Comparing declaratives and Yes/No-Interrogatives

Suzy does like the book. Does Suzy like the book? Suzy has liked the book. Has Suzy liked the book? Suzy is liking the book. Is Suzy liking the book?

17.5.3 Categorial operation of AUX+MAIN

.^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{input-output:}  ^{+}^{V)}^{V)}^{Does}^{(NS3′} ^{DO′}^{AUX+MAIN - pattern:}  (np′ aux′  ^{(x} np) ⇒^{(SNP)}^{Suzy}  ^{Does Suzy}^{(DO′} ^{VI)}^{(x} aux′ ^{VI)}

17.5.4 Categorial operation of IP

.^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{input-output:}  ^{Does Suzy sleep}^{(VI)} (vt)^{IP - pattern:}  ^{+}  ^{?}^{(VI′ INTERROG)} (vt′  ^{x) ⇒}  ^{(INTERROG)}^{(x)}^{Does Suzy sleep?}
\begin{matrix}c \\ ◯ \end{matrix}1999 Roland Hausser

17.5.5 LA-E3 for English yes/no-interrogatives

LX = LX of LA-E2 plus {[. (V′ decl) *], [? (V′ interrog) *], [? (VI′ interrog)*]} Variable definitions = that of LA-E2 plus vt ε {V, VI},

ST_{S} =_{def} { [(x) {1 DET+ADJ, 2 DET+N, 3 NOM+FV, 4 AUX+MAIN}] }

DET+ADJ: (n′ x) (ADJ) ⇒ (n′ x) {5 DET+ADJ, 6 DET+N}

DET+N: (n′ x) (n) ⇒ (x) {7 NOM+FV, 8 FV+MAIN, 9 AUX+NFV, 10 IP} NOM+FV: (np) (np′ x V) ⇒ (x V) {11 FV+MAIN, 12 AUX+NFV, 13 IP} FV+MAIN: (np′ x V) (y np) ⇒ (y x V) {14 DET+ADJ, 15 DET+N, 16 FV+MAIN, 17 IP}

AUX+NFV: (aux′ V) (x aux) ⇒ (x V) {18 FV+MAIN, 19 IP} AUX+MAIN:(np′ aux′ V) (x np) ⇒ (x aux′ VI) {20 AUX+NFV, 21 DET+ADJ, 22 DET+N} IP: (vt) (vt′ x) ⇒ (x) {} ST_{F} =_{def} { [(decl) rp_{ip}], [(interrog) rp_{ip}]} 17.5.6 The finite state backbone of LA-E3

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 i  iii  v  iv vi  ^{NOM+FV}  ^{FV+MAIN} vii  ^{AUX+NFV}^{ii}^{iii}^{iv}  ^{DET+N}^{DET+ADJ}^{AUX+MAIN}  ^{IP} ii  viii^{1}  ^{2}  ^{3}^{4}^{5}  ^{6}  ^{7}  ^{9} ^{8}^{10}  ^{11}^{12}^{14}  ^{15}  ^{17} ^{16}^{18}  ^{19}^{20}^{21} ^{22}  ^{13}^{2, 6, 15, 22}  ^{DET+N}^{NOM+FV}^{3, 7}^{8, 11, 16, 18}  ^{FV+MAIN}  ^{AUX+NFV}^{DET+ADJ}^{AUX+MAIN}^{9, 12, 20}^{1, 5, 14, 21}^{4}^{vii}^{viii} ^{10, 13, 17, 19} ^{IP}^{vi}^{v}

17.5.7 Perplexity

Perplexity is, crudely speaking, a measure of the size of the set of words from which the next word is chosen given that we observe the history of the spoken words.

S. Roukos 1995