FoCL, Chapter 16: Basic concepts of syntax) 268

16. Basic concepts of syntax

16.1 Delimitation of morphology and syntax

16.1.1 Correlation of LA-morphology and LA-syntax

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 ^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.} The  from^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}  hyper  tension ed suffer over  indulg + +  er  s +  +  +

The tree structures of LA-morphology and LA-syntax both satisfy the Slim-theoretic principles of surface compositionality (S) and time-linear composition (l). However, their respective time-linear compositions occur in different phases.

\begin{matrix}c \\ ◯ \end{matrix}1999 Roland Hausser

16.1.2 Treatment of idioms in morphology or syntax?

A syntactic treatment is generally motivated in idioms which (i) retain their compositional meaning as an option, (ii) are subject to normal variations of word order, and (iii) exhibit internal inflectional variation. Otherwise idioms should be handled in the lexicon (e.g. over-the-counter).

16.1.3 Correlation of morphology and syntax in different types of language

Some natural languages compose meaning_{1} mainly in the syntax (e.g. Chinese) and others mainly in morphology (e.g. Eskimo in which long chains of morphemes are concatenated into a single word form such as [a:wlis-ut-iss?ar-si-niarpu-na] I am looking for something suitable for a fish-line). This alternative exists also within a given natural language. For example, in English the complex concept denoted by the word form overindulgers may roughly be expressed analytically as people who eat and drink too much.

16.1.4 Combination principles of syntax

1. Valency

2. Agreement

3. Word order

FoCL, Chapter 16: Basic concepts of syntax) 270

16.2 Valency

16.2.1 The notions valency carrier and valency filler go back to the French linguist L. Tesnière 1959, who borrowed them from chemistry. The valency positions of a carrier must be filled, or canceled, by compatible fillers in order for an expression to be syntactically and semantically complete. 16.2.2 Coding the structure of valency carriers in LA-grammar Composite syntactic categories are defined as lists of category segments. For example, the English verb form ate is analyzed as follows. [ate (N′ A′ V) eat] 16.2.3 Carriers, fillers, and modifiers in CG and LAG

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C-grammar analysis^{Mary}^{(e)}  ^{ate}^{(e|(e|t))} ^{the}  ^{soup}^{(e|t)}  ^{slowly}  ^{Mary}^{(SNP)} ^{(N′ A′ V)}  ^{(SN)} ^{(ADV)}^{slowly}^{soup}^{ate}^{((e|t)|e)} ^{(e)}^{(e|t)}  ^{the}^{(SN′ SNP)}^{(A′ V)}^{(SN′ V)} ^{(V)} ^{(V)} LA-grammar analysis^{((e|t)|(e|t))}^{(e|t)}^{(t)}

16.2.4 Examples of different valency carriers in German

• the one-place verb form schläfst (sleep):

.^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.} valency position^{(S2′}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.} result segment^{V)}^{[schläfst}  ^{schlafen]}

• the two-place verb form liest (read):

.^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}  ^{A′} ^{V)}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{(S23′}  ^{lesen]} result segment valency positions^{[liest}

• the two-place verb form hilft (help):

.^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}  ^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}  ^{helfen]}^{D′}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{(S3′}  result segment^{[hilft} valency positions^{V)}

• The three-place verb form gebt (give):

.^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}  ^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}  ^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{V)}^{(P2′}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}valency positions^{geben]}^{D′} ^{A′} result segment^{[gebt}

• The three-place verb form lehrte (taught):

.^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}  ^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}  ^{A′}  ^{V)}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{A′} valency positions result segment^{lehren]}^{[lehrte} ^{(S13′}

• The one-place preposition nach (after):

.^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{(D′} valency position^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}  ^{ADP)}^{[nach}  result segment^{nach]}

16.2.5 Category structure of valency fillers and modifiers

[Bücher (P-D) buch] (books) [ihm (D) er] (him) [gestern (ADV) gestern] (yesterday)

Valency carriers may also function as valency fillers using their result segment, e.g V, as the filler segment. In this case, the segments representing valency positions are attached at the beginning of the category resulting from the composition.

FoCL, Chapter 16: Basic concepts of syntax) 274

16.3 Agreement

16.3.1 Agreement violation in English

*Every girls need a mother.

16.3.2 Identity-based agreement in a simple LA-syntactic analysis

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\begin{matrix}c \\ ◯ \end{matrix}1999 Roland Hausser

FoCL, Chapter 16: Basic concepts of syntax) 275

16.3.3 An LA-grammar for 6.3.2 (LA-plaster)

LX =_{def} { [he (S3) *], [her (D) *], [this (A) *], [gives (S3′ D′ A′ V) *]} ST_{S} =_{def} { [(S3) {MAIN+FV} ] } MAIN+FV: (S3) (S3′ D′ A′ V) ⇒ (D′ A′ V) {FV+MAIN1} FV+MAIN1: (D′ A′ V) (D) ⇒ (A′ V) {FV+MAIN2} FV+MAIN2: (A′ V) (A) ⇒ (V) { } ST_{F} =_{def} { [(V) rp_{F V +MAIN2} ] }

16.3.4 Example of an error in identity-based agreement

Error: ungrammatical continuation gives  ⇒ + (S3′ D′ A′ V) I (S1)

16.4 Free word order in German (LA-D1)

16.4.1 Word order variations in a declarative main clause of German

Der Mann gab der Frau den Strauß. (the man gave the woman the bouquet.) Der Mann gab den Strauß der Frau. (the man gave the bouquet the woman.) Der Frau gab der Mann den Strauß. (the woman gave the man the bouquet.) Der Frau gab den Strauß der Mann. (the woman gave the bouquet the man.) Den Strauß gab der Mann der Frau. (the bouquet gave the man the woman.) Den Strauß gab der Frau der Mann. (the bouquet gave the woman the man.)

16.4.2 Word order violation in German

*Der Mann der Frau gab einen Strauß. (the man the woman gave the bouquet.)

16.4.3 Free canceling of valency positions in a carrier of German

Den Strauß gab Den Strauß  (S3′ D′ V) +  gab  ⇒ (A)  (S3′ D′ A′ V)^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}  ^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}  Der Mann gab (S3′ A′ V) Der Mann  (D′ A′ V) (S3)  +  gab  ⇒ (S3′ D′ A′ V) Der Frau  Der Frau gab +  gab  ⇒ (S3′ D′ A′ V) (D)

16.4.4 German LA-grammar with partial free word order

LX =_{def} { [er (S3) *], [ihr (D) *], [das (A) *], [gab (S3′ D′ A′ V) *]} Variable definition: np ε {D, A}, with np′ correspondingly D′ or A′

x, y = .?.?.?.? (i.e. an arbitrary sequence up to length 4)

ST_{S} =_{def} { [(S3) {MAIN+FV} ] } MAIN+FV: (S3) (S3′ D′ A′ V)⇒ (D A V) {FV+MAIN} FV+MAIN: (x np′ y V) (np) ⇒ (x y V) {FV+MAIN} ST_{F} =_{def} { [(V) rp_{F V +MAIN} ] }

16.4.5 FV+MAIN matching a next word accusative 16.4.6 FV+MAIN matching a next word dative

.^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{er}  ^{gab}  ^{+}^{V)}^{input-output:}^{FV+MAIN - pattern:}  ^{(D′}  ^{er gab das}^{A′} np′  ^{V)}^{y}  ^{(A)} (np) ⇒ ^{(D′}^{(x}  ^{V)}^{V)}^{y}^{(x}  ^{das}

.^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{er}  ^{gab}  ^{+}^{V)}^{input-output:}^{FV+MAIN - pattern:}  ^{V)}^{y}  (np) ⇒ ^{(x}  ^{V)}^{V)}^{ihr}^{(D)}^{(x}  ^{(A′}^{y}^{er gab ihr}^{(D′} np′ ^{A′}

16.4.7 Reapplication of FV+MAIN

.^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}  ^{+}^{V)}^{V)}^{y}  (np) ⇒ ^{(x}  ^{V)}^{y}^{er gab ihr das}^{(V)}^{(A)}^{FV+MAIN - pattern:}^{input-output:}  ^{er}  ^{gab}  ^{ihr}^{(A′}^{(x} np′  ^{das}

16.4.8 German LA-grammar with free word order (LA-D1)

LX =_{def} { [er (S3) *], [ihr (D) *], [das (A) *], [gab (S3′ D′ A′ V) *]}

Variable definition: np ε {S3, D, A}, with np′ correspondingly S3′, D′ or A′

x, y = .?.?.?.? (i.e. an arbitrary sequence up to length 4)

ST_{S} =_{def} { [(np) {MAIN+FV} ] } MAIN+FV: (np) (x np′ y V) ⇒ (x y V) {FV+MAIN} FV+MAIN: (x np′ y V) (np) ⇒ (x y V) {FV+MAIN} ST_{F} =_{def} { [(V) rp_{F V +MAIN} ] }

16.4.9 Word order variants of LA-D1

er gab ihr das  das gab er ihr  ihr gab er das
er gab das ihr  das gab ihr er  ihr gab das er

16.4.10 Extending the lexion of LA-D1

[ich (S1) *], [du (S2) *], [wir (P1) *], [schlafe (S1′ V) *], [schläfst (S2′ V) *], [schläft (S3′ V) *], [schlafen (P1′ V) *], [lese (S1′ A′ V) *], [liest (S2′ A′ V) *], [las (S3′ A′ V) *], [helfe (S1′ D′ V) *], [hilfst (S2′ D′ V) *], [half (S3′ D′ V) *], [lehre (S1′ A′ A′ V) *], [lehrst (S2′ A′ A′ V) *], [lehrt (S3′ A′ A′ V) *], [gebe (S1′ D′ A′ V) *], [gibst (S2′ D′ A′ V) *].

16.4.11 Identity-based subject-verb agreement in German 16.4.12 Agreement violation in German

y^{(x} np′^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}  ^{(x}  ^{V)}^{V) ⇒}  ^{(V)}^{ich schlafe}^{FV+MAIN - pattern:}^{input-output:}  (np)  ^{V)}  ^{y}^{ich}^{(S1)}  ^{(S1′}^{+}  ^{schlafe}

.^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{FV+MAIN - pattern:}^{input-output:}  (np)  ^{V)}^{ich}^{(S1)}  ^{+}  np′  ^{Error:} ^{ungrammatical}^{continuation}^{schläfst}^{(S2′} ×  ^{V) ⇒}^{y}^{(x}

16.4.13 Derivation in LA-D1 (identity-based agreement)

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16.5 Fixed word order in English (LA-E1)

16.5.1 Fixed canceling of valency positions in a carrier of English

.^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}  ^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}^{.}  + + + Peter (SNP)  (N′ D′ A′ V) gave  ⇒ Peter gave  (V) (D′ A′ V)  Mary  ⇒ Peter gave Mary  books  ⇒  Peter gave Mary books Peter gave Mary Peter gave (D′ A′ V) (SNP)  (A′ V) (A′ V)  (PN)

16.5.2 English LA-grammar with fixed word order (LA-E1)

LX =_{def} { [Peter (SNP) *], [Mary (SNP) *], [books (PN) *],

[gave (N′ D′ A′ V) *]}

Variable definition: np ε {SNP, PN}, np′ ε {N′, D′, A′}, x = .?.?.?.? (i.e. an arbitrary sequence up to length 4)

ST_{S} =_{def} { [(x) {NOM+FV}] } NOM+FV: (np) (np′ x V)⇒ (y V) {FV+MAIN} FV+MAIN: (np′ x V) (np)⇒ (y V) {FV+MAIN} ST_{F} =_{def} { [(V) rp_{F V +MAIN}] }

16.5.3 Derivation in LA-E1 (definition-based agreement)

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