FoCL, Chapter 14: Word form recognition in LA-Morph) 225

14. Word form recognition in LA-Morph

14.1 Allo-rules

14.1.1 Abstract format of an allo-rule

lemma of the^{elementary lexicon}^{[surface (cat) sem]}^{(input pattern) ⇒}  ^{(output pattern 1)} output  ^{(output pattern 2)}^{[surface-1 (cat-1) sem]}^{allomorph-1}  ^{[surface-2 (cat-2) sem]}^{allomorph-2} matching  generation^{...}^{...}^{...} input

FoCL, Chapter 14: Word form recognition in LA-Morph) 226

14.1.2 Example of a base form lemma

  ("derive" (nom a v) derive)

14.1.3 Result of applying allo-rules to base form lemma

 ("derive" (sr nom a v) derive)
 ("deriv" (sr a v) derive)

14.1.4 Base form entry of schlafen

("schla2fen" (KV VH N GE  {hinueber VS GE } {durch VH A GE }
  {aus VH GE } {ein VS GE }\$ <be VH A GE- >
  <ent VS GE- > <ueber VH A GE- > <ver VH A GE- >)
  schlafen)

14.1.5 Output of allo-rules for schlafen

("schlaf" (IV V1 VH N GE { hinüber VS GE } { durch VH A GE }
{ aus VH GE } { ein VS GE } $ < be VH A GE- >
< ent VS GE- > < über VH A GE- > < ver VH A GE- > )
schlafen)
("schläf" (IV V2 _0 N GE { hinüber VS GE } { durch VH A GE }
{ aus VH GE } { ein VS GE } $ < be VH A GE- >
< ent VS GE- > < über VH A GE- > < ver VH A GE- > )
schlafen)
("schlief" (IV V34 _0 N GE { hinüber VS GE } { durch VH A GE }
{ aus VH GE } { ein VS GE } $ < be VH A GE- >
< ent VS GE- > < über VH A GE- > < ver VH A GE- > )
schlafen_i)

14.1.6 The word forms of schlafen (excerpt)

("schlaf/e" (S1 {hinüber}{durch A}{aus}{ein} V) schlafen_p)
("schlaf/e" (S13 {hinüber} {durch A} {aus} {ein} V ) s._k1)
("schlaf/e/n" (P13 {hinüber} {durch A} {aus} {ein} V ) s._pk1)
("schlaf/e/st" (S2 {hinüber} {durch A} {aus} {ein} V ) s._k1)
("schlaf/e/t" (P2 {hinüber} {durch A} {aus} {ein} V ) s._k1)
("schlaf/t" (P2 {hinüber} {durch A} {aus} {ein} V ) s._p)
("schlaf/end" (GER ) schlafen)
("schlaf/end/e" (E ) schlafen)
("schlaf/end/en" (EN ) schlafen)
("schlaf/end/er" (ER ) schlafen)
("schlaf/end/es" (ES ) schlafen)
("schlaf/end/em" (EM ) schlafen)
("schlaf/e/st" (S2 {hinüber} {durch A} {aus} {ein} V ) s._k1)
("schlaf/e/t" (P2 {hinüber} {durch A} {aus} {ein} V ) s._k1)
("schläf/st" (S2 {hinüber} {durch A} {aus} {ein} V ) s._p)
("schläf/t" (S3 {hinüber} {durch A} {aus} {ein} V ) s._p)
("schlief" (S13 {hinüber} {durch A} {aus} {ein} V ) s._i)
("schlief/e" (S13 {hinüber} {durch A} {aus} {ein} V ) s._k2)
("schlief/en" (P13 {hinüber} {durch A} {aus} {ein} V ) s._ik2)

FoCL, Chapter 14: Word form recognition in LA-Morph) 229

("schlief/est" (S2 {hinüber} {durch A} {aus} {ein} V ) s._ik2)
("schlief/et" (P2 {hinüber} {durch A} {aus} {ein} V ) s._ik2)
("schlief/st" (S2 {hinüber} {durch A} {aus} {ein} V ) s._ik2)
("schlief/t" (P2 {hinüber} {durch A} {aus} {ein} V ) s._i)
("ge/schlaf/en" (H) schlafen)
("ge/schlaf/en/e" (E) schlafen)
("ge/schlaf/en/en" (EN) schlafen)
("ge/schlaf/en/es" (ES) schlafen)
("ge/schlaf/en/er" (ER) schlafen)
("ge/schlaf/en/em" (EM) schlafen)
("aus/schlaf/e" (S1 V) ausschlafen_pk1)
("aus/schlaf/e" (S13 V ) ausschlafen_k1)
("aus/schlaf/en" (P13 A V ) ausschlafen_pk1)
   ...
("aus/schläf/st" (S2 V) ausschlafen_p)
("aus/schläf/t" (S3 V) ausschlafen_p)
   ...

14.1.7 Four degrees of regularity in LA-Morph

• Regular inflectional paradigm The paradigm is represented by one lemma without any special surface markings, from which one allomorph is derived, e.g. learn ⇒ learn, or book ⇒ book.

• Semi-regular inflectional paradigm The paradigm is represented by one lemma without any special surface markings, from which more than one

allomorph is derived, e.g. derive ⇒ derive, deriv, or wolf ⇒ wolf, wolv.

• Semi-irregular inflectional paradigm The paradigm is represented by one lemma with a special surface marker, from which more than one allo-

morph is derived, e.g. swIm ⇒ swim, swimm, swam, swum.

• Irregular inflectional paradigm The paradigm is represented by several lemmata for suppletive allomorphs which pass through the default rule, e.g. go ⇒ go, went ⇒ went, gone ⇒ gone. The allomorphs serve as input to general combi-rules, as

in go/ing.

14.1.8 Tabular presentation of the degrees of regularity

one lemma  lemma without  one allomorph
per paradigm  markings  per lemma
regular  yes  yes  yes
semi-regular  yes  yes  no
semi-irregular  yes  no  no
irregular  no  no  yes

14.2 Phenomena of allomorphy

14.2.1 Allomorphs of semi-regular nouns

LEX  ALLO1  ALLO2
wolf  wolf  wolv
knife  knife  knive
ability  ability  abiliti
academy  academy  academi
agency  agency  agenci
money  money  moni

14.2.2 Allomorphs of semi-irregular nouns

LEX  ALLO1  ALLO2
analysis  analysis  analyses
larva  larva  larvae
stratum  stratum  strati
matrix  matrix  matrices
thesis  thesis  theses
criterion  criterion  criteria

FoCL, Chapter 14: Word form recognition in LA-Morph) 233

tempo  tempo  tempi
calculus  calculus  calculi

14.2.3 Allomorphs of semi-regular verbs

LEX  ALLO1  ALLO2
derive  derive  deriv
dangle  dangle  dangl
undulate  undulate  undulat

accompany accompany accompani

14.2.4 Allomorphs of semi-irregular verbs

LEX  ALLO1  ALLO2  ALLO3  ALLO4
swIm  swim  swimm  swam  swum
rUN  run  runn  ran  run
bET  bet  bett  bet  bet

FoCL, Chapter 14: Word form recognition in LA-Morph) 234

14.2.5 Allomorphs of semi-regular adjective-adverbials

LEX  ALLO1  ALLO2
able  able  abl
happy  happy  happi
free  free  fre
true  true  tru

14.2.6 Definition of the allomorph quotient The allomorph quotient is the percentage of additional allomorphs relative to the number of base form entries.

14.2.7 The allomorph quotient of different languages Italian: 37% German: 31% English: 8,97% 14.2.8 Compounds with ‘pseudo-’ contained in Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary

pseudoclassic pseudopregnancy pseudosalt pseudoscientific

etc.

14.2.9 Compounds with ‘pseudo-’ not contained in Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary

pseudogothic pseudomigrane pseudoscientist pseudovegetarian

etc.

14.2.10 Problem for recognition algorithm

In order to recognize the highly productive compositions involving the prefix pseudo, the LA-Morph system must provide a general rule-based analysis. As a consequence, the word forms in 14.2.8, are analyzed as ambiguous whereby the second reading stems from the compositional analysis based on the known forms, e.g. pseudo and

classic.

FoCL, Chapter 14: Word form recognition in LA-Morph) 236

14.2.11 Solution I Automatic removal of all non-elementary base forms from the on-line lexicon. 14.2.12 Solution II Leaving the non-elementary base forms like 14.2.8 in the lexicon, but selecting the most likely reading after the word form analysis. 14.2.13 Solution III Using two lexica. One is an elementary lexicon which does not contain any non-elementary base forms. It is used for the categorization and lemmatization of word forms. The other is a base form lexicon of content words. It assigns semantic representations to base forms including composita and derivata established in use. During word form analysis the two lexica are related by matching the result of lemmatization onto a corresponding – if present – key word of the base form lexicon (cf. 13.4.7).

14.2.14 Example of solution III

The compositional analysis of kin/ship would be matched onto kinship in the non-elementary base form lexicon, accessing the proper semantic description. In this way, (i) maximal data coverage – including neologisms – is ensured by a rule based analysis, (ii) the possibility of noncompositional meanings is accounted for, and (iii) unnecessary ambiguities are avoided.

14.3 Left-associative segmentation into allomorphs

14.3.1 Left-associative letter by letter matching

attempt 1:^{surface:}^{attempt 2:}  ^{W}^{W} ^{O}^{W}  ^{L}  ^{F}^{O}  ^{V}^{L}^{O}  ×^{V}^{L} b14.3.1.pictex

14.3.2 Hypothetical examples of English allowing alternative segmentations

coverage grandparent history lamp/lightland/s/end
cover/age grandpa/renthi/story lam/plightland/send
cove/rage  his/tory
rampage rampart scar/face sing/able war/plane
ramp/age ramp/art scarf/ace sin/gable warp/lane
ram/page ram/part

14.3.3 Alternative segmentations of a word form in German

surface:  Staubecken  Staubecken
segmentation:  Stau/becken  Staub/ecke/n
translation:  reservoir  dust corners

14.3.4 Storing allomorphs in a trie structure

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14.3.5 Possibilities after finding an entry in the trie structure

• There are no letters left in the surface of the unknown word form, e.g. SWAM. Then the program simply returns the analysis stored at the last letter, here M.

• There are still letters left in the surface of the unknown word form. Then one of the following alternatives applies:

– The allomorph found so far is part of the word form, as swim in SWIMS. Then the program (i) gives the lexical analysis of swim to the combi-rules of the system and (ii) looks for the next allomorph (here s), starting again from the top level of the trie structure.

– The allomorph found so far is not part of the word form, as swam in SWAMPY. In this case the program continues down the trie structure provided there are continuations. In our example, it will find swamp.

Because it becomes apparent only at the very end of a word form which of these two possibilities applies – or whether they apply simultaneously in the case of an ambiguity – they are pursued simultaneously by the program.

FoCL, Chapter 14: Word form recognition in LA-Morph) 241

14.4 Combi-rules

14.4.1 Structure of combi-rules

input output r_{n}: (pattern of start) (pattern of next) ⇒ rp_{n} (pattern of new start)

14.4.2 Difference between allo- and combi-rules Combi-rules differ from allo-rules in that they are defined for different domains and different ranges:

An allo-rule takes a lexical entry as input and maps it into one or more allomorphs.

A combi-rule takes a word form start and a next allomorph as input and maps it into a new word form start.

14.4.3 Tasks of combi-rules

The combi-rules ensure that

1. the allomorphs found in the surface are not combined into ungrammatical word forms, e.g. *swam+ing or *swimm+s (input condition),

2. the surfaces of grammatical allomorph combinations are properly concatenated,

e.g. swim+s ⇒ swims,

3. the categories of the input pair are mapped into the correct result category, e.g. (NOM V) + (SX S3) ⇒ (S3 V),

4. the correct result is formed on the level of semantic interpretation, and

5. after a successful rule application the correct rule package for the next combination is activated.

14.4.4 Derivation of unduly in LA-Morph

1 +u [NIL . NIL]
2  +n [NIL . (un (PX PREF) UN)]
RP:{V-START N-START A-START P-START}; fired: P-START
3   +d [(un (PX PREF) UN) . (d (GG) NIL)]
     +d [NIL . NIL]
4     +u [(un (PX PREF) UN) . (du (SR SN) DUE (SR ADJ-V) DUE)]
RP:{PX+A UN+V}; fired: PX+A
      +u [NIL . NIL]
5 L [(un+du (SR ADJ) DUE) . (l (GG) NIL (ABBR) LITER)]
RP:{A+LY}; fired: none
       +l [(un (PX PREF) UN) . NIL]
       +l [NIL . NIL]
6       +y [(un+du (SR ADJ) DUE) . (ly (SX ADV) LY)]
RP:{A+LY}; fired: A+LY
("un/du/ly" (ADV) due)

14.4.5 Handling of ungrammatical input in LA-Morph

1 +a [NIL . (a (SQ) A)]
2  +b [NIL . NIL]
3   +l [NIL . (abl (SR ADJ-A) ABLE)]
RP:{V-START N-START A-START P-START}; fired: A-START
4     +e [(abl (SR ADJ) ABLE) . NIL]
      +e [NIL . (able (ADJ) ABLE)]
RP:{V-START N-START A-START P-START}; fired: none
5      +l [(abl (SR ADJ) ABLE) . NIL]
ERROR
Unknown word form: "ablely"
NIL

14.4.6 Parsing the simplex undulate

1 +u [NIL . NIL]
2  +n [NIL . (un (PX PREF) UN)]
RP:{V-START N-START A-START P-START}; fired: P-START
3   +d [(un (PX PREF) UN) . (d (GG) NIL)]
     +d [NIL . NIL]
4     +u [(un (PX PREF) UN) . (du (SR SN) DUE (SR ADJ-V) DUE)]
RP:{PX+A UN+V}; fired: PX+A
      +u [NIL . NIL]
5      +l [(un+du (SR ADJ) DUE) . (l (GG) NIL (ABBR) LITER)]
RP:{A+LY}; fired: none
       +l [(un (PX PREF) UN) . NIL]
       +l [NIL . NIL]
6       +a [(un+du (SR ADJ) DUE) . NIL]
        +a [NIL . NIL]
7        +t [(un+du (SR ADJ) DUE) . NIL]
         +t [NIL . (undulat (SR A V) UNDULATE)]
RP:{V-START N-START A-START P-START}; fired: V-START
8         +e [(un+du (SR ADJ) DUE) . (late (ADJ-AV) LATE (ADV) LATE)]
RP:{A+LY}; fired: none
          +e [(undulat (SR A V) UNDULATE) . NIL]
          +e [NIL . (undulate (SR NOM A V) UNDULATE)]
RP:{V-START N-START A-START P-START}; fired: V-START
("undulate" (NOM A V) UNDULATE)

14.5 Concatenation patterns

14.5.1 Concatenation patterns of English nouns

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14.5.2 Concatenation patterns of English verbs

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14.5.3 Concatenation patterns of adjective-adverbs

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14.5.4 Concatenation patterns of German nouns

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-s (-FG) (M-GP)  hAnd -e (P-D) -n (PD) (F)  frau  -en (P) (F) braten drangsal  (F) -e (P-D) -n (PD) (F)  kenntnis -se (P-D) -n (PD) (F)  mUtter - (P-D) -n (PD)

14.5.5 Category segments of German noun forms

MN  = Masculinum Nominativ  (Bote)
M-G  = Masculinum no Genitiv  (Tag)
-FG  = no Femininum Genitiv  (Tages, Kindes)
-FD  = no Femininum Dativ  (Schmerze, Kinde)

M-NP = Masculinum no Nominativ or Plural (Boten) M-GP = Masculinum no Genitiv or Plural (Braten) MGP = Masculinum Genitiv or Plural (Uhus) M-GP-D = Masculinum no Genitiv or Plural no Dativ (Gipfel)

F  = Femininum  (Frau)
N-G  = Neutrum no Genitiv  (Kind)
NG  = Neutrum Genitiv  (Kindes)
ND  = Neutrum Dativ  (Kinde)

N-GP = Neutrum no Genitiv or Plural (Leben) N-GP-D = Neutrum no Genitiv or Plural no Dativ (Wasser) NDP-D = Neutrum Dativ or Plural no Dativ (Schafe)

P  = Plural  (Themen)
P-D  = Plural no Dativ  (Leiber)
PD  = Plural Dativ  (Leibern)